As an example, consider a double-acting cylinder with a 25-mm bore and 100-mm stroke. Rod diameter is 10 mm, air pressure is 6 bar, and pressure drop across the valve is 0.25 bar.

With high-pressure air moving the valves up and down and way less moving parts, the engine rpm can go to more than 20,000, even though Guidotti says Avintia bikes only work in the 15k range.

A typical commercial vehicle air braking system requires, at minimum, around a dozen core pneumatic valves to meet baseline regulatory standards. And these days, there’s no “typical” air ...

Without pneumatic circuit design and schematic symbols, designers would not be able to communicate to an engineer the necessary component placement in order to achieve the work for a particular job.