Empire of the Sultans: Ottoman Art from the Khalili Collection. August 1-October 7 Page from the Siyer-Nebi of Erzurumlu Mustafa Darir (1 of 2), Istanbul, circa 1594-5, gouache and gold on paper.

Population surveillance. The carrying of identification while traveling. Add to that the public presence of diverse religions and it sounds like 2025, but this was life in the Ottoman Empire 200 ...