It took two men to wrestle Rome back from chaos and turn a republic into an empire. In the first century BC, Rome was a republic. Power lay in the hands of the Senate, elected by Roman citizens.

In about 80 years, roughly the same length of time between the end of World War II and now, the Roman Republic was transformed into a dictatorship. If you had told a Roman senator at the beginning ...

where they finished them off in two of the bloodiest battles in Roman history. The killing over, the empire was theirs and they divided the spoils. Augustus kept Rome, while Antony took Egypt.

The Ptolemaic period in Egypt spanned from 332 BC to 30 BC, followed by the Roman era, which lasted until 395 AD. The discovery offers insights into the design and function of eastern military ...