Esters are usually synthesized from an alcohol and an acid, most frequently, a carboxylic acid. In some cases, an epoxide is used instead of the alcohol; or an acid halide or anhydride replaces the ...

Biosynthesis can be exploited for chemical synthesis in vitro or in cells like ... and customizable production of non-natural alcohols. A repurposed non-haem, iron-based dioxygenase enables ...