The rest of the heating occurred by collisions between particles. Because the gas is so diffuse this additional heating took place slowly, over about 200 million years.

Instead of n for the number of moles, we have N for the total number of gas particles. Also, the constant R is replaced with k, the Boltzmann constant , with a value of 1.380649×10 −23 joules ...

The swift α-particles and the highspeed electrons or β-rays ejected from radio-active bodies are by far the most concentrated sources of energy known to science.

Gas pressure is caused by the collisions of the gas particles with the inside of the container as they collide with and exert a force on the container walls. Then the gas is heated up.

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has produced a new image of the Bullet Cluster, which is a titanic collision between two individual galaxy clusters.

As more gas is added to the balloon, the number of gas particles in the balloon increases, as well as the number of collisions. While the force of a single gas particle collision is too small to ...

Instead of an expanding gas, the quark-gluon plasma looked like a liquid—a nearly perfect one, with almost no viscosity. In a gas, particles act individually; in a liquid, particles move cohesively.

There, the particles of the hot gas had to travel farther, around 100,000 light-years, ... such as collisions and mergers. The study was published in Nature Astronomy on June 17.